People whose hearts beat too fast during rest and too sluggishly during exercise have a greater risk than others of dropping dead suddenly from a heart attack, a study suggests.
The research, believed to be the first on sudden death in healthy people, relied on simple stress tests like the ones often given to people with heart problems.
Experts said the findings don't mean healthy people should have routine stress tests. But they said that when heart patients get the tests, doctors should study the heart rate pattern for signs of trouble and not just look for evidence of blocked arteries as most do now.
"We know there are people who are walking time bombs," said Dr. Michael S. Lauer, a staff cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic who was not involved in the latest study but who also researches stress tests and how patients fare over time. While there's no proof early intervention prevents premature deaths in such people, he said, "I would fix absolutely everything that can be fixed."
That would include putting patients on medicines such as aspirin and drugs to control blood pressure and cholesterol, and starting them on an exercise program to tone up the heart.
The latest study, in Thursday's New England Journal of Medicine found the risk of sudden death was about four times higher than normal in men whose hearts beat fast while resting or didn't speed up as much as they should during exercise. Likewise, sudden death was twice as likely in men whose heart rates didn't slow down enough in the minute after exercise ended, compared with men with normal shifts in their heart rate.
"It's the first time that particular heart rate pattern during exercise is associated with increased risk of sudden death" in healthy men, said lead researcher Dr. Xavier Jouven, associate professor of cardiology and epidemiology at European Georges Pompidou Hospital in Paris.
The results are similar to earlier findings on people with heart disease.
Sudden death occurs when a heart attack, or sometimes an abnormal rhythm, stops the heart. It strikes people as young as their 30s and 40s, and is responsible for 5 percent to 10 percent of all U.S. deaths, or roughly 350,000 to 500,000 deaths a year.
The French study followed 5,713 middle-aged, male French civil servants who had stress tests during physical exams between 1967-72. Over an average 23-year followup, 83 died of sudden cardiac death, on average within 11 1/2 years.
The men who died of sudden cardiac death were only capable of exercising about six minutes, a minute less than the others in the study; also, one in five had lost a parent to sudden death.
The high-risk group had a resting heart rate of more than 75 beats per minute, slightly faster than normal. During exercise, their heart rate increased less than 89 beats per minute, and after exercise stopped, their heart rate decreased less than 25 beats in the minute.
The results probably also apply to women, said Lauer and Dr. Daniel Shindler, a cardiologist and professor at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Recent research shows healthy women whose hearts don't slow down properly after exercise are more likely to die of heart problems.
The apparent cause of such abnormal heart patterns is a malfunction of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is supposed to slow the heart rate back down after danger or stress."
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